About the Author Preface Walkthrough Part One: The Dimensions of Anthropology Chapter 1: What Is Anthropology? Overview Human Adaptability Adaptation, Variation, and Change General Anthropology Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology The Subdisciplines of Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Archaeological Anthropology Biological, or Physical Anthropology Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock Beyond the Classroom: The Utility of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Applied Anthropology Anthropology and Other Academic Fields Cultural Anthropology and Sociology Anthropology and Psychology Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing Chapter 2: Applying Anthropology What Is Applied Anthropology? Academic and Applied Anthropology Theory and Practice Anthropology and Education Urban Anthropology Urban versus Rural Medical Anthropology Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health Anthropology and Business Careers and Anthropology Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees Part Two: Physical Anthropology and Archaeology Chapter 3: Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology Overview Ethics Methods Multidisciplinary Approaches Primatology Anthropometry Bone Biology Molecular Anthropology Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate Paleoanthropology Survey and Excavation Systematic Survey Excavation Kinds of Archaeology Dating the Past Relative Dating Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology Molecular Dating Chapter 4: Evolution and Genetics Overview Evolution Genetics Mendel's Experiments Independent Assortment and Recombination Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics Cell Division Crossing Over Mutation Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution Natural Selection Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics Mutations and Variety Random Genetic Drift Gene Flow The Modern Synthesis Gradual or Rapid Change Chapter 5: Human Variation and Adaptation Overview Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology Races are Not Biologically Distinct Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement on "Race" Explaining Skin Color Human Biological Adaptation Genes and Disease Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea Facial Features Size and Body Build Lactose Tolerance Chapter 6: The Primates Overview Our Place among Primates Homologies and Analogies Primate Tendencies Prosimians Anthropoids Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community Monkeys New World Monkeys Old World Monkeys Apes Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Interesting Issues: Saving the Orangutan Chimpanzees Bonobos Endangered Primates Human-Primate Similarities Learning Tools Predation and Hunting Aggression and Resources Human-Primate Differences Sharing and Cooperation Mating and Kinship Behavioral Ecology and Fitness Bringing It All Together: Saving the Forests Chapter 7: Primate Evolution Overview Fossils and Chronology Early Primates Early Cenozoic Primates Oligocene Anthropoids Miocene Hominoids Proconsul Beyond the Classroom: A Behavioral Ecology Study of Two Lemur Species Afropithecus and Kenyapithecus Sivapithecus Ginantopithecus Dryopithecus Oreopithecus A Missing Link? Pierolapithecus caltalaunicus "Toumai" Orrorin tugenensis Chapter 8: Early Hominids Overview Chronology of Hominid Evolution The Earliest Hominids Ardipithecus and KenyanThropus The Varied Australopithecines Australopiethecus afarensis Gracile and Robust Australopi