Expert systems principles and programming

Synopsis

1. INTRODUCTION TO EXPERT SYSTEMS. Introduction. What Is an Expert System'. Advantages of Expert Systems. General Concepts of Expert Systems. Characteristics of an Expert System. The Development of Expert Systems Technology. Expert Systems Applications and Domains. Languages, Shells, and Tools. Elements of an Expert System. Production Systems. Procedural Paradigms. Nonprocedural Paradigms. Artificial Neural Systems. Connectionist Expert Systems and Inductive Learning. Summary. 2. THE REPRESENTATION OF KNOWLEDGE. Introduction. The Meaning of Knowledge. Productions. Semantic Nets. Object-Attribute-Value Triples. PROLOG and Semantic Nets. Difficulties with Semantic Nets. Schemata. Frames. Difficulties with Frames. Logic and Sets. Propositional Logic. The First Order Predicate Logic. The Universal Quantifier. The Existential Quantifier. Quantifiers and Sets. Limitations of Predicate Logic. Summary. 3. METHODS OF INFERENCE. Introduction. Trees, Lattices, and Graphs. State and Problem Spaces. And-Or Trees and Goals. Deductive Logic and Syllogisms. Rules of Inference. Limitations of Propositional Logic. First Order Predicate Logic. Logic Systems. Resolution. Resolution Systems and Deduction. Shallow and Causal Reasoning. Resolution and First Order Predicate Logic. Forward and Backward Chaining. Metaknowledge. Summary. 4. REASONING UNDER UNCERTAINTY. Introduction. Uncertainty. Types of Error. Errors and Induction. Classical Probability. Experimental and Subjective Probabilities. Compound Probabilities. Conditional Probabilities. Hypothetical Reasoning and Backward Induction. Temporal Reasoning and Markov Chains. The Odds of Belief. Sufficiency and Necessity. Uncertainty in Inference Chains. The Combination of Evidence. Inference Nets. The Propagation of Probabilitie s. Summary. 5. INEXACT REASONING. Introduction. Uncertainty and Rules. Certainty Factors. Dempster-Shafer Theory. Approximate Reasoning. The State of Uncertainty. Some Commercial Applications of Fuzzy Logic. Summary. 6. DESIGN OF EXPERT SYSTEMS. Introduction. Selecting the Appropriate Problem. Stages in the Development of an Expert System. Errors in Development Stages. Software Engineering and Expert Systems. The Expert System Life Cycle. A Detailed Life Cycle Model. Summary. 7. INTRODUCTION TO CLIPS. Introduction. CLIPS. Notation. Fields. Entering and Exiting CLIPS. Facts. Adding and Removing Facts. Modifying and Duplicating Facts. The Watch Command. The Deffacts Construct. The Components of a Rule. The Agenda and Execution. Commands for Manipulating Constructs. The Printout Command. Using Multiple Rules. The Set-Break Command. Loading and Saving Constructs. Commenting Constructs. Variables. Multiple Use of Variables. Fact Addresses. Single-Field Wildcards. Blocks World. Multifield Wildcards and Variables. Summary. 8. ADVANCED PATTERN MATCHING. Introduction. Field Constraints. Functions and Expressions. Summing Values Using Rules. The Bind Function. I/O Functions. The Game of Sticks. Predicate Functions. The Test Conditional Element. The Predicate Field Constraint. The Return Value Field Constraint. The Sticks Program. The OR Conditional Element. The AND Conditional Element. The NOT Conditional Element. The EXISTS Conditional Element. The FORALL Conditional Element. The LOGICAL Conditional Element. Summary. 9. MODULAR DESIGN AND EXECUTION CONTROL. Introduction. Deftemplate Attributes. Salience. Phases and Control Facts. Misuse of Salience. The Defmodule Construct. Importing and Exporting Facts. Modules and Execution Control. Summary. The Rete Pattern-Matching Algorithm. The Pattern Network. The Join Network. The Importance of Pattern Order. Ordering Patterns for Efficiency. Multifield Variables and Efficiency. The Test CE and Efficiency. Built-In Pattern-Matching Constraints. General Rules Versus Specific Rules. Simple Rules Versus Complex Rules. Summary. 10. PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING. Introduction. Procedural Functions. The Deffunction Construct. The Defglobal Construct. Th